Smallpox vaccine historical evidence.

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diseases, such as polio and smallpox.

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attempt at national mass smallpox vaccination after 9-11,

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4. Vaccination has been demonstrated to be one of the most effective medical interventions known to mankind. The eradication of smallpoxdemonstrates this accomplishment ................- 29

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The vaccine industry evolved from surprisingly modest origins. When smallpox outbreaks were marching across much of Europe, Englishman Edward Jenner noticed that many milkmaids seemed to escape its ravages. His was a straightforward observation: Milkmaids boasted blemish-free complexions, while smallpoxsurvivors had conspicuous, disfiguring pockmarks. This led to Jenner’s deduction that the milkmaids were somehow protected from the disease, perhaps because they had contracted a milder version of the illness, known as cowpox, from milking the cows.

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In 1796, Jenner tested his theory by injecting cowpox from a pustule on the arm of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid, into James Phipps, a healthy eight-year-old boy. Phipps was injected over several days, gradually increasing the dosage of each inoculation. Phipps was later exposed to smallpox and, although he became ill, his illness was mild and he made a full recovery. The experiment was considered a success and the seeds of the industry were sown. Down through history, Jenner has been credited as the Father of Vaccination.

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The first regulations requiring smallpoxvaccination were passed in 1806 in Piombino and Lucca, former Napoleonic principalities now part of Italy. Throughout the 19th century, many European countries passed laws requiring smallpox vaccination. In France, the laws were

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When mandatory vaccination was implemented in the United Kingdom in the mid-1800s, British Parliament formed the Epidemiological Society of London in 1850 to investigate the effectiveness of vaccination throughout the country. Statistics was an evolving science at the time and numbers added weighty persuasion to arguments. The Society was assigned the task to prove the premise that more unvaccinated persons died from smallpoxthan those who were vaccinated.

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Given the bias of the premise, the results were bound to be skewed and data was substantially distorted to reach the desired conclusion. For example, if a vaccinated person contracted smallpox, the patient was considered unvaccinated. If a vaccinated person died during a bout of smallpox, he was considered “improperly vaccinated” and was counted among the unvaccinated. Mortality rates were derived from patients who died in hospitals; all who died were considered to be unvaccinated, whether they were vaccinated or not. Most important, persons with mild cases of smallpoxwho recovered uneventfully—more than 90 percent of those infected—were not included in any of the statistics. As a result, the numbers were slanted in favor of those who had been vaccinated and the conclusions were used to pass mandatory vaccination requirements.

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Furthermore, treatments were often barbaric. Common practices included the use of leeches, (called blood letting), purges (to induce vomiting) and cold water dousing, remedies that often worsened — or killed — the patient. Against this backdrop of chaos and futility, the advent of vaccines offered a rallying point for the medical profession. Vaccine proponents argued solely from empirical evidence that inoculation with cowpox protected against smallpox and should be made mandatory for the entire nation. The procedure was promoted as “the promise of scientific medicine,” the first method to offer a true benefit to patients by stopping the spread of disease.

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It was during this period that medical doctors became the biggest proponents of vaccination. They insisted that mandatory vaccination was the best protection for society and the only means to stop the spread of smallpox. Every unvaccinated person was stigmatized as a potential spreader of disease. The government created registries to ensure that entire communities were vaccinated. No one was allowed to jeopardize the lives of others by refusing to be vaccinated. Parents who refused the vaccine for their children could be fined repeatedly for as long as the children remained unvaccinated. Laws contained language that vaccination was necessary to “protect children from negligent parents.” REF: Durbach. pg. 33-34.

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What was unrecognized then and still little known today is that smallpox infections occurred in varying degrees of severity. The most common form, called “ordinary discrete smallpox,” occurred in more than 40 percent of cases. This type of outbreak manifested as a small scattering of pustules distributed across the body. The person was marginally ill and required minimal medical care other than adequate hydration and fever control for comfort. Often maintaining a temperature below 102°F (38.8°C) was all that was necessary for full recovery.

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Resistance to vaccination and the debate over compulsory requirements for work and schools escalated throughout a seven-year debate. In an attempt to resolve the dispute between vaccinators and vaccine resistors, Parliament introduced the Royal Commission on Vaccination in 1889. The Commission was charged with investigating the usefulness of vaccination to control the spread of smallpoxand was asked to determine if there were other means that could be used to control the infection. Additional tasks included looking into the safety of the vaccine to determine if any changes should be made to compulsory vaccination laws.

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In seven years, the 13-member Commission met 136 times and questioned 187 witnesses, including many supporters and opponents of mandatory vaccination. In the final report, issued in 1896, the Commission admitted the decreased incidence of smallpox was only partially attributed to vaccination, being careful not to dismiss the contribution of improved sanitation. The Commission acknowledged that, despite reports to the contrary, the use of arm-to-arm lymph (serum) inoculation did contribute to the spread of syphilis.

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The British government repealed vaccination requirements for smallpox

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the dismay of pro-vaccinators, so did the number of smallpox outbreaks.

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In 1809, Massachusetts passed the first mandatory vaccination law in the U.S. and was the first state to require vaccination as a school requirement, in 1850. Smallpox outbreaks seemed to be well contained until 1901, when Boston experienced the last major epidemic in the country, leading to 1,596 cases and 270 reported deaths (17 percent). A state statute at that time granted city boards of health the authority to require vaccination “when necessary for public health or safety.” For example, the Cambridge Board of Health adopted an ordinance requiring all residents to be vaccinated or to pay a hefty fine of five dollars, the equivalent of $118 today. During the 1901-02 outbreaks, Boston public health officials dispatched teams of physicians and police officers

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Failing three times in the lower courts, Jacobson took his case to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1905. The question before the Court was whether the state had overstepped its authority and whether the sphere of personal liberty was protected by the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. In making their ruling, the justices no doubt took into account the difficulty Boston had experienced containing the smallpoxoutbreak in 1901-02. Perhaps the justices had family members who had been vaccinated or had experienced smallpox. Perhaps they considered the lack of standardized public health programs. Whatever criteria were used, the Supreme Court handed down its landmark ruling in 1905: States were given the right to force vaccinations on their citizens if they deemed vaccination to be the best way to protect the community from disease. As a result, the Jacobson decision has defined

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Even with exemptions in place, parents have begun to question the necessity of the number of required vaccines. In 1900 the only vaccine given to schoolchildren was smallpox; by 1971, smallpox had been eradicated and the vaccine was no longer required for school. As recently as 1985, the only vaccines required for school were polio, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR). But the landscape started to change in 1991 with the rapid addition of many more vaccines. By 2007, 113 vaccine antigens from at least 10 different vaccines had been added as school requirements. Many parents are asking: How many more vaccines are going to be forced on children in order to obtain tax-funded, public education? Now, more than ever, parents are starting to say no.

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4. Vaccination has been demonstrated to be one of the most effective medical interventions known to mankind. The eradication of smallpoxdemonstrates this accomplishment.

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TRUTH: Most discussions about vaccination start by pointing out the success of the smallpox and polio eradication programs. (See TRUTH

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18 for more detail) A full discussion about smallpox is far beyond the scope of this text, but a brief overview is in order.

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In 1717, Lady Mary Wortley Montague, wife of the British ambassador to the Ottoman Court, was hailed as the person who introduced inoculation to Europe. However, it was the Englishman Edward Jenner who first noticed that most milkmaids seemed to escape its ravages. (Jenner, a country apothecary, had purchased his medical degree from St. Andrews University in Scotland for the sum of 15 pounds.) His was an easy observation: Milkmaids boasted blemish-free complexions, while smallpox survivors were conspicuous with their facial pockmarks. This led to Jenner’s deduction that the milkmaids were somehow protected from the disease, perhaps because they had contracted a milder version of the illness, known as cowpox, from milking the cows.

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As previously discussed, Jenner tested his theory by injecting cowpox pus from Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid, into James Phipps, a healthy 8- year-old boy. Jenner repeatedly injected Phipps with cowpox pus over several days, gradually increasing the dosage. He then injected Phipps with smallpox and the boy became ill. After a few days, he made a full recovery with no apparent effects from the smallpox or side effects from the vaccine. The experiment was considered a success and the seeds of an industry were sown. Down through history, Jenner has been given credit as the “Father of Vaccination.”

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What is not generally discussed about this discovery is that Phipps had been re-vaccinated more than 20 times and died at the age of 20. Jenner also experimented with his own son by inoculation, and his son died at the age of 21. Before their deaths, these boys acquired tuberculosis, which some researchers have linked to the smallpox vaccine.

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The global smallpox vaccination program is not nearly as successful as it is touted to be. If the science of vaccination worked, it should have

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prevented epidemics. But instead, while the population of England increased 16 percent during the years of compulsory vaccination, smallpox deaths increased 160 percent, a figure that does not include the deaths from the procedure. The only complete series of official records in Europe revealed that the decrease in smallpox mortality paralleled the decreased use of the vaccination. Moreover, some of the most severe epidemics on the continent occurred after the onset of compulsory vaccination.

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“How is it that smallpox is five times as likely to be fatal in the vaccinated as in the unvaccinated? How is it that in some of our highest vaccinated towns—for example, Bombay and Calcutta—smallpox is rife, whilst in some of our most poorly vaccinated towns, such as Leicester, it is almost unknown? How is it that something like 80 percent of the cases admitted into the Metropolitan Asylums Board smallpox hospitals have been vaccinated, whilst only 20 percent have not been vaccinated?” REF: The British Medical Journal. 1-21-1928, p. 116.

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By 1897, a weaker form of smallpox, variola minor, became the dominant strain in the U.S. Although the rash was similar to classic smallpox (variola major), the new form was a mild disease, left little scarring and only rarely caused death. The illness was considered an inconvenience more than a danger—especially compared to the risks of serious harm from vaccination, which included infection, gangrene and even a tetanus or syphilis infection. Nevertheless, pro-vaccination publications issued by health departments often used gruesome photos of the worst cases of variola major-type smallpox to

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generate fear. This coercion technique allowed vaccination to continue in the U.S. until 1971, even though the last reported case of smallpoxin this country was in Texas in 1949. REF: MMWR. 25th Anniversary of the Last Case of Acquired Smallpox. http://archderm.amaassn.ore/cgi/reprint/139/2/240-a.pdf

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Dr. Tom Mack, smallpox expert with the CDC and affiliated with the University of Southern California School of Medicine, reported at a July 2001 meeting of the CDC on the estimated death rate from smallpox. He stated that the fatality rate among adults was "much lower than generally advertised," closer to 10 to 15 percent instead of the publicized 30 percent. He went on to say, "Even without mass vaccination, smallpox would have died out anyway. It just would have

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The line between coercion and persuasion can be razor-thin and the rights of parents to decide what is best for their child has been at odds with recommendations pushed by public health officials since the first smallpox vaccination was given in the U.S. in 1803. A recent example is from a 1963 guide published by the federal Communicable Disease Center (former name for the CDC) contended that “the full use of the word epidemic in public statements is the most effective single means of stimulating the public to action.”

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Answer: Military recruits may receive up to five vaccines simultaneously. Unfortunately, this threshold can be exceeded in the event of immediate deployment. Many adverse events have been documented from vaccines given to military members. For example, after reinstitution of the smallpox vaccination program for military personnel in 2002, there were more than 50 cases of probable myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) that were reported as a

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complication of the vaccine. REF: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1503-1510. Cassimatis DC, et al. Smallpox vaccination and myopericarditis: a clinical review.

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A Finnish study in 1989 identified electrocardiogram (ECG) changes suggestive of myocarditis in 3 percent of military recruits after being vaccinated against mumps, polio, tetanus, smallpox, diphtheria, and type A meningococcus. The mycarditis was documented in persons who had no previous evidence of cardiac disease. REF: Ann Clin Res. 1978;10:280-287. “Myocardial complications of immunizations.”

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Anthrax and smallpox vaccinations are required for some, but not all, deployments. If an individual must be deployed to a location requiring either or both of these vaccines and is unable to take them, a waiver for deployment without these immunizations can be obtained from the theater commander if the individual agrees to accept the increased potential risk of the illness. REF: Air Force Instruction 48-123 Volume 2.

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Unfortunately, on Oct. 16, 2006, the anthrax vaccine was once again declared mandatory for military personnel; exemption arguments may not be possible at this time. On February 8, 2007, the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs approved the Army Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Plan (AVIP), directing mandatory anthrax vaccinations for designated military and civilian personnel serving in the Central Command and Korean Peninsula area for 15 or more consecutive days. Anthrax and smallpox vaccinations are required for some, but not all deployments. If an individual must deploy to a location requiring either or both of these vaccinations and is unable to take them, a waiver for deployment without these shots can be obtained from the theater commander. REF: Department of Defense Memorandum. Implementation of the Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program

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Before going to war in 1918, troops received the smallpox and yellow fever vaccinations and possibly several more. Worldwide smallpoxvaccination had been ongoing since the late 1800s. The Salk polio vaccination campaign began in 1955; the Asian flu outbreak occurred shortly thereafter (1957). The young men who served in Vietnam— and those who served stateside—treceived many vaccines, including an experimental plague vaccine, before deployment and the start of the 1968 pandemic. The impact of mass vaccination on the troops and within the civilian population could have led to immune system disruption, increasing susceptibility to the effects of influenza viruses.

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The vaccination of “every man, woman and child” has been in the planning for at least the last several years. The concept originated in 2001 from former Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson and was advanced by his successor, Mike Leavitt, to vaccinate everyone with a flu shot. Thompson envisioned mass vaccination using the smallpox vaccine. But times have changed, and the flu shot, exalted by ongoing threats of a bird flu pandemic, now appears to be the instrument

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REF: CIDRAP News. “US pledges smallpoxvaccine for world stockpile.” December 4, 2004. REF: Department of Health and Human Services FY 2007 Budget announcement. February 6, 2006. http://www.hhs.gov/news/speech/ 2006/ 060206.html

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[| Merck | [Measles | | GSK | | een pertussis | Wyeth | [Smallpox |_| in medium |S-Pastuer| | etanus booster | GSK | | TaP trace amts [S-Pasteur| | | trace amts_ | GSK _| | | 0.1mg_| Merck | | Ippm_| | Merck | | Ippm _| Merck | | | 0.05 mg_|

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[| SUBSTANCE || MANUF.|[ VACCINE [| | AMOUNT | Formaldehyde: Recognized carcinogen | | F Adacel | | S-Pastour | [Teen poussis | | 0.005mg Boostrix [| Merck _| [Teen pertussis | | 0.100mg | Comvax | | Merck | [Hib+HepB | | 0.04mg Dapiacel |] SPasteur | DTaP | | 0.100mg pr] [ s Pasteur | [Adutttetamas [| | 0.20 mg | Pruaix—[) GsK | [influenza | | 0.050mg FluLaval [| GSK _| [Influnza Ci 0.025ms | Fluzone {| S-Pasteur | [Influenza | | 0.20mg__ | Minfanrix [| GSK_| [Influenza | | 0.100me row [| Sastewr | [Potio | | 020mg -iE-Vax [| S-Pasteur | ap. Encephalitis | | 0.100mg Pediarix [| GSK] [ta + Hep b+ ipv_| | 0.100mg Recombiax [| Mek | [HepB | |_.020mg | | Td | | S-Pasteur | [Tetanus booster | | 0.20mg nani |] S-Pasteur [ [DTaP + MiB | | 0.100me Tripedia | [S-Pasteur | [DTaP_____| | 0.100mg | Vagta || Merck | |HepatitisA |_| 0.008mg__| [ST A (AS Da RT P ActHIB | | SPasteur | [ais | | 0.00tmg | Daptacel [| S-Pasteur | [DTaP | | 0.001mg VHarivax | [| _GSK_| [Hepatitis A___| | 0.001mg | Twinrix [GSK | [Hepatitis AwB | | _o001me | GentanyenSwlies td Medimmund [Influenza | | __0.0015 mg _| PFiuarix [| GSK [Intuenza | | 00150™mg etal |e eee ene ae | Dryvax | | Wyeth | [Smallpox | 50% of diluent

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SUBSTANCE | [MANUF [VACCINE || AMOUNT | Magnesium stearate [| Ss Vivo | | Bema _| [Typhoid [3.644 me | [Neomycin/Neomycin sulfates tetracycline [|__| F Attenavax | | Merck | [Measles [0025 me PDryvax | | Wyeth | [Smatipox | | 100 units/mi luvin | [Chiron | [influenza | [trace | THavrix | | GSK | [Hep A+B | | 40ngim_| Pimovax | [$-Pasteur] [Rabies | | 150 meg Por | |S Pasteur| [Potio | | Sng/m_| PMerwvaxit | | Merck | [Rubella | | 0.025 mg_| PMMRit || Merck [| [MMR | | _Sngimi_| TMumpsvax | [ Merck | [Mumps | | 0.025 mg_| Pediarix | | GSK _| [otap+neppsipv_| | 005ng_| F ProQuad | [Merck | [MMit+ Chickenpox | | 0.016 mg_| FRabAvert | | Chiron | [Rabies r[ 20ne | twinix | | GSK | [tepA+B | | 20ne_| Varivax | | Merek | [Chickenpox | | trace | F Zostavax | | Merek | [Zoster shingles) | | trace | Piesolas tte eee sme [Dryvax | | Wyeth _| [Smalipox | | 25 mgini_| Typhim vi] [S-Pasteur| [Typhoid | | 2.5 mgiml_| Pneumovax 23 | | Merck | [Adult pneumonia | | 2.5 mg/ml | Polymyxnb {| || TC FP Dryvax | | Wyeth _| [Smallpox | | 100 unes/mi TFtuvirin | | Chiron | [influenza [| trace | Pirot | [S-Pasteur| [Polio [| 25mg Pediarix | | Merck | [orapsticpBrirv | | 0001 ng_| Lae na eae ee EI

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Live, attenuated vaccine for smallpox; administered with bifurcated needle

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© REF: Adams, JM et al. "Neuromyelitis Optica: Severe Demyelination Occurring Years After Primary Smallpox Vaccinations", Rev Roum Neurol. 1973, 10:227-231.

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D. Smallpox References

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MMWR. 25th Anniversary of the Last Case of Acquired Smallpox. http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/139/2/240- a.pdf

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S Seizures 26-7, 76, 79, 85, 91, 122, 126, 158, 170, 259, 272-4 Shingles 39, 40, 65-6, 139, 247 SIDS deaths 27 Skin test, tuberculin 110, 112 Smallpox vaccination 7, 37, 136, 139, 141 program, global 30 Sorbitol 220, 235, 241-3, 247 Squalene 188-9, 215 SSPE (Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis) 92-3, 302 State Immunization Laws 115, 130 for Healthcare Workers and Patients 131, 279 Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis, see SSPE